Harassment under Irish Criminal Law-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Examine about the Crime of Harassment under Irish Criminal Law concerning existing Legislation. Answer: The Law Reform Commission in its report on Harmful Communications and Digital Safety examines change in the field of criminal law as for unsafe advanced correspondences. The report suggests transforming of badgering offense specified under segment 10 of the Non-Fatal Offenses against the Person Act 1997[1]. This current legitimate structure oversees the offenses adding up to badgering using any and all means. In any case, this arrangement doesn't make reference to a particular reference as for badgering by the on the web or computerized implies that is fundamental to guarantee that this type of provocation is remembered for the provocation offence[2]. The Commission likewise discusses presenting a specific following offense with regards to advanced and web based following, to be incorporated inside the badgering offense. This paper examines about the lack in the present legitimate structure that oversees provocation law in Ireland. It likewise involves the reasons that make it import ant to grow the provocation law by enveloping a particular offense of following and backhanded types of badgering into the structure of provocation law managed under segment 10 of the rule. As per segment 10 of the Non-Fatal Offenses against the Person Act 1997, any individual who, with no lawful authority bothers someone else by utilizing any methods including phone, or consistently watching, following, assailing or by speaking with such individual will be considered as liable. This segment has been gotten from a proposal made by the Commission in the 1994 Report on Non-lethal Offenses against the Person [LRC 45-1994, passage 9.77]. It was expressed that any demonstration of provocation that outcomes in genuine obstruction with a privilege of someone else to lead an individual and quiet life ought to be remembered for the criminal law rather than the realities that offers ascend to the dread of viciousness that are something else, secured by the offense of compulsion. It is a fundamental necessity of the legal arrangement specified under area 10 of the Act that the words watching, following, bothering, imparting, plaguing must be built up to be persistent in nature. It is significant for these lead to be persevering in nature as these behaviors under segment 10, are in any case considered legal acts and it just adds up to an offense, when such act is ceaselessly rehashed to such degree that it is meddling with the security and harmony or makes mischief or misery the other person[3]. As indicated by Gillespie (2006), the term diligently had been understood in a way that was autonomous of a particular number of episodes or whenever outline inside which such occurrences had happened. While a solitary delayed act may fulfill the necessity for tirelessness, separate episodes, which are not deferred, ought not add up to criminal obligation under segment 10 of the Act. In Director of Public Prosecutions (ODowd) v Lynch [2008][4], the blamed was sentenced under segment 10 for the resolution for constantly submitting sexual presentation before two youngsters, adding up to badgering offense. The Court held that the basic prerequisite of diligence under segment 10 is constant conduct that may incorporate either a few occurrences or a solitary episode, yet ceaseless occurrence that has a delay impact. The punishments specified under segment 10(6) of the resolution forces upon the guilty party detainment and additionally fine for a term not surpassing a year on synopsis conviction and conviction for a long time on allegation. Likewise, the court may give a request limiting the respondent from speaking with the pestered individual and keep up certain good ways from the living arrangement or work of such badgering individual. With respect to the inadequacies existing in the present lawful structure overseeing badgering laws, the need to extend the rule to incorporate aberrant disturbances structures and following as a different offense depends on the accompanying contentions. According to area 10 of the 1997 of the Act, it very well may be applied to a few types of unsafe web conduct, which incorporates provocation, by advanced or online methods as it involves that badgering might be completed using any and all means including phone. Ashworth (2013) states that according to the damage rule, genuine behaviors that adds up to provocation will be exposed to criminal law[5]. Provocation by methods for on the web or computerized correspondence is similarly genuine as disconnected badgering and it very well may be considerably progressively unsafe, given the particular highlights of advanced interchanges. Computerized interchanges can be various, moment and have the ability to contact the worldwide crowds or be forever accessible. Further, provocation by online methods cam likewise has an unavoidable quality, which empowers the casualty to turn into an objective because of the web associated gadgets, for example, Smartphone. The potential for badgering by on the web or advanced methods is to cause huge damage, which brings about considerable mental mischief and even self destruction. In the expressions of Ormerod (2015), area 10 of the Act as of now incorporates provocation by computerized or online methods as it is material to badgering using any and all means and has just been applied in certain online provocation cases. Be that as it may, badgering by on the web or computerized implies is regularly not detailed, henceforth, under-indicted which recommends that this area neglects to such forestall such conduct[6]. The youngster or a juvenile are the ones who dread the most to report about digital harassing occurrences because of the dread that their own web access or gadgets might be detracted from them or that they comprehend the innovation better than pre-advanced period grown-ups. There have been a few discussions over altering segment 10 of the rule to incorporate a particular reference to provocation offenses by on the web or computerized implies. This alteration would improve detailing of provocation by the on the web or advanced methods and may forestall or change such conduct. The incorporation of explicit reference to provocation by online methods in the segment 10 of the Act will give conviction and clearness to the individuals who have been deliberated with the duty to decipher the segment. It would additionally lay much accentuate on the earnestness of provocation that is caused through on the web or computerized and the lawful narrow mindedness to such direct. Moreover, such incorporation of online provocation ought to be went with appropriate direction that ought to be given to the law requirement to guarantee that such consideration doesn't prompt unbalanced criminalization of youthful people[7]. Since the arrangement under segment 10 of the Act is versatile to different situations, any endeavor to indicate the methods through which such provocation ought to be made by considering the hazard that may emerge when future innovative progression will not be included by the expressions of the legal arrangement. In any case, Reilly (2017) disagreed with the proposal that this area ought to be supplanted on the ground that the segment is as of now relevant to badgering offenses submitted any methods; consequently, such correction isn't necessary[8]. He affirmed that as opposed to supplanting such arrangements, it is smarter to advance government funded training and commitment to guarantee that general society has adequate information about the extent of area 10 of the resolution. Additionally, the issue identified with area 10 is the incapable authorization of the segment and not the wording of the legal arrangement. By the by, the Law Commission stated that it is important to incorporate badgering offenses by on the web or advanced methods is essential, as it would explain the extent of the offense like detail of the term phone remembered for segment 10 of the Act which would additionally upgrade the announcing of provocation episodes. This express distinguishing proof of offenses adding up to provocation by on the web or computerized implies in the enactment will imply a more extensive badgering offense structure that would feature societys acknowledgment of the need and earnestness of such type of badgering offense and forestall event of such offence[9]. Notwithstanding, it is likewise important to upgrade open mindfulness in regards to the limit of provocation offense that will be applied in online badgering cases and give the police authorities the direction to manage such offenses. Further, the notice of the term phone under segment 10 of the Act without referencing some other types of electronic correspondence doesn't make the arrangement complete. Hence, the incorporation of advanced badgering offense in the legal arrangement specified under segment 10 of the Act will explain the expressions of provocation offense. It would likewise effectively recognize the lead that is secured by the offense guaranteeing computerized or on the web, as a methods for provocation doesn't stay a shrouded type of badgering under segment 10 of the 1997 Act[10]. Along these lines, the Commission suggests that area 10 of the Non-Fatal Offenses against Person Act 1997 ought to be supplanted and revoked with a badgering offense that is explicitly relevant to provocation by all types of correspondence including on the web and computerized interchanges, for example, web or web based life. He further suggested that the altered arrangement must remember meaning of correspondence for the enactment that would involve any type of correspondence. With respect to backhanded types of disturbances, it is suggested that it ought to likewise be viewed as similarly genuine offense. Backhanded types of provocations incorporate nonstop destructive correspondences made through internet based life destinations, email or other on the web and computerized implies in regards to a specific individual to outsiders, yet such correspondence happens in a roundabout way. There is a hole in the Irish law as for aberrant provocation as the Act of 1997 explicitly with direct correspondences with the concerned people and it manages interchanges about somebody, consequently, it doesn't have a

Rise of Christianity and Fall of Rome essays

Ascent of Christianity and Fall of Rome papers The decay of the Roman Empire started after Marcus Aurelius demise. The pioneers assumed responsibility for the domain yet they were powerless pioneers. Numerous competitors who needed to get the position. The military in the domain was solid however they didn't help out the ruler. In this way, the Romans recruited Barbarians for the Roman military help. Since Barbarians were employed for military reason, they exploited attacking the Roman Empire. A portion of the Germanic clans attempted to begin a war with the Roman Empires and to destabilize the administration. With every one of these hindrances, the Roman Empire gradually declined until the Roman Empire taken over by Diocletian. In the wake of administering the whole Roman Empire for a few years, Diocletian went to an answer that it was too difficult to even think about controlling the Roman Empire without anyone else. In this manner, he chose to part it into the East and West Empires and delegated his collaborator toward the Wes t Empire. The division didn't help, on the grounds that in the long run the East and West Empires battled against one another for the decision rights. The ascent of Christianity started a few years in the wake of executing Jesus Christ. After Jesus became alive once again, he sent aides to his kin. The Holy Spirit was sent by God to support us and to show what is good and bad. During that time, the Romans arrangement the roadways between the significant urban communities for exchange merchandise. Along these lines, it was simpler to spread the gospel between close by nations and the boat exchanges assisted with moving Christianity to the opposite side of the world. The significant ocean was the Mediterranean Sea, which associated Lower Egypt with Rome. The medical issues interceded with the fall of the Roman Empire. Water was brought however lead pipes where rodents and mice lived and imitated. In certain occurrences, rodents would kick the bucket in the funnels, along these lines water that experienced the city was debased with a wide range of sicknesses. These things carried medical issues to the Roman urban areas. The junk was accumulated in the city... <!

The Worst Advice Weve Heard About Plagiarizing

The Worst Advice Weve Heard About Plagiarizing Plagiarism isnt a fun topic. Lets face itâ€"anyone who has spent time in academic pursuits has heard the stern lectures from professors warning of the dangers of plagiarism. The consequences of it can be equally unsettling: a failing grade, a feeling of disgrace, loss of credibility, and even expulsion are all very real possibilities.But dont worry, weve got your back, and will discuss the absolute worst advice weve heard about plagiarizing. Pay attention and youll avoid the embarrassment and destruction of credibility that plagiarism can bring.Bad Idea #1: You can use whole sentences or paragraphs from WikipediaSince Wikipedia content is created by a conglomeration of several writers and editors, there is a false assumption that entire sentences or passages can be lifted from it and used in otherwise original papers.The operative word here is false. Regardless of how many writers contributed to a passage or content, and regardless of the fact that the content is online and highly ed ited, its still plagiarism to claim the text as your own. In addition, Wikipedia content will be easily picked up by any online plagiarism detector since it is a highly visited website and therefore highly ranked in search engine algorithms.Its also important to keep in mind that Wikipedia is not considered to be a legitimate source in academic research and writing. Treating it as a source could result in a lowered grade and plagiarizing it could most certainly result in thatâ€"or worse.Bad Idea #2: You can piece together pieces of several different free online essays on the topicIf youve ever watched an online plagiarism detector perform its search, youd know that this is likewise bad advice. Specifically, these programs are designed to crawl millions of webpages to find content that is word-for-word of the text submitted to them. It doesnt matter if the content is pulled from a hundred different sources, plagiarism detection software can find all of themâ€"including short passages of approximately five words.There is also a false assumption that goes along with this one, stating that as long as the copied passages are less than a certain percentage of the original work, its fine to plagiarize. Whether you copy a passage of five words or 500â€"the act (and therefore, the consequence of that act) is the same.Whether you copy a passage of five words or 500â€"its still plagiarism. Photo by Green Chameleon on Unsplash.Bad Idea #3: You can plagiarize since there are no original ideas leftWhile its true that there is nothing new under the sun, this reality doesnt give you an excuse to claim anothers work as your own. When writers and literary scholars mention that there are no original ideas left (another way to state the adage I mentioned above), they are referring to story archetypes that have been used since the dawn of human existence. And sureâ€"most storylines or plots have been done before, in some version, either in movies or books. Characters change and se ttings change, but there are certainly repetitions of conflicts and archetypes in literature that cant be avoided.However, there will always be a way for you to approach the topic with fresh eyesâ€"and with YOUR eyes. Even if your thoughts are similar to others, you will still express them in a unique way because you are a unique individual. There is no one else in the entire world who looks, thinks, and processes ideas exactly like you do. This means that the work you produce, whether it is writing or research or both, should be entirely original in the way it is written and compiled. Since every writer is an individual, it is highly unlikely that he or she will choose word-for-word the exact phrasing of another writer who has broached the topic previously.Bad Idea #4: If the source is obscure enough, no one will know you plagiarizedTechnology is an amazing thing and plagiarism software is part of that emerging technology. While the plagiarism-checker programs have varying abilitie s and scopes of their search, your theft of anothers words could always be discovered with the right one. The question then becomes: Are you willing to run that risk?Even if a source is entirely offline (very few are nowadays) and completely obscure, a professor paying attention will potentially be able to detect plagiarism because the writing style and word choice will be so very different than your own. Many professors hand out in-class assignments and tests that require you to write in class. This means that they have a sample of your writing, which clues them in to your writing style and the extent of your vocabulary. Anything you turn in that is in glaring contrast will immediately be suspected of plagiarism by a professor who is looking for it.Bad Idea #5: You wont get penalized if you accidentally plagiarize somethingAs nice as this would be, it simply isnt true. Many universities have a strict no-plagiarism policy, and any instance of it could be dealt with harshly, includin g expulsion, even if it was accidental. In fact, freelance writers who publish online content often run their work through a plagiarism detector to make sure they havent accidentally plagiarized someone. As a professional writer, this type of accidental plagiarism could still have the same consequences of intentional plagiarism, including lawsuits, losing their job, and loss of credibility in their industry.The fact is: its an easy mistake to make, especially when you read a lot of content about a particular topic. Sometimes, thoughts go through our brains that we assume to be original but are actually thoughts weve read somewhere and simply forgot we had read it (in that exact combination of words).Professors understand this and have likely dealt with the situation in their own research and writing. However, any responsible researcher or writer will take steps to ensure that his or her work is original and that it cites all sources quoted, whether directly or indirectly. This invol ves checking for plagiarism, even of the accidental variety, which is easy to do with all of the free plagiarism-checker websites available. When you submit your work for class or for a writing assignment given to you by your company, you should take these same steps.Bad Idea #6: Everyone does it, so you should tooI think most mothers have a similar reply when their rebellious teenager uses this argument to justify doing something against house rules: If everyone jumps off a bridge, would you follow them?While its a somewhat comedic anecdote, there is truth in it. Just because its widely done doesnt mean its right. And just because other people get away with it doesnt mean you will avoid getting caught, as well. In much the same sense that a police officer or judge will not be inclined to ignore laws broken simply because other people break themâ€"neither will a professor be inclined to excuse plagiarism, simply because he or she has seen it attempted often over the span of their ca reer.Beyond these facts, its important to understand that plagiarism is theftâ€"theft of anothers words and ideas, while claiming them as your own. In the same sense you would not be a thief in other facets of your life, dont be a thief of anothers writing and research.Bad Idea #7: If it isnt copyrighted, you can plagiarize itCopyright law is not as complex as you might think. In fact, once something is published online or as an original hardcopy, it retains an original copyright, whether the author attaches the copyright symbol () to it or not.Obviously, not every author would pursue litigation for copyright infringement, but the possibility is still there. This is especially true if you publish content onlineâ€"whether academic or otherwiseâ€"without attributing it to its original author. Just as there is software to detect plagiarism, there is likewise software for authors and website managers to use that detects if anyone is using their original content online. With this softwar e, they are able to find the website that is using their original content, as well as the websites owner (through information you provided when you registered the website). This means that the threat of lawsuits is always there, particularly if you are publishing online.Even if youre not publishing it online, plagiarism detector software can locate the original content online and mark yours as being plagiarized. And this software is freely available for professors or employers to use.Plagiarism can ruin your reputation and result in expulsion.Bad Idea #8: If you just rewrite another persons paper, it isnt plagiarizingThis is one of the most commonly held myths about plagiarismâ€"thinking that rewriting or rearranging the words of an entire section or paper is somehow not plagiarism. While this method might help you avoid some online plagiarism detectors, depending on the source youre rewriting, it can still be highly visible to your professor that you have done this.The problem with this method of plagiarizing is that it is both underhanded and still not your original thought. There are some cases in which you will need to do this in order to avoid quoting so much, you still need a citation following the rewrite to direct the reader toward the original source.

Various Options of Birth Control and Their Effectiveness...

Withdrawal is free. If done correctly the effectiveness is about 96%. Of every 100 women whose partners use withdrawal, 27 will become pregnant each year if they dont always do it correctly(withdrawal, 2014). When not used correctly the effectiveness decreases. Men that are unable to predict when ejaculation is about to occur increase their chances of getting their mates pregnant. With this method all you need to obtain it is a partner that is able and willing to do withdrawal method. Nurse teachings should include effectiveness. Teaching the men about how to control their sexual response. There is no medical condition that prohibits use of method. If the male is unable to have self control method is contradicted. It is also not†¦show more content†¦Menopause does occur around late 40s or early 50s, but there is still a chance on getting pregnant. This method would not be recommended women that age. As a nurse you instruct your client to take their body temp right when they wake up before anything. Thermometer needs to be in place for 5 minutes. Reading needs to be recorded. This is needed for three consecutive. Once that is done it needs to be read and analyzed when are the safe days. Irregular period will prohibit you from using this method. Any STD or abnormal vaginal bleeding will not make this method ideal. Before you rely on this method it is necessary to chart for three months. There is no contraindications besides irregular menstruation, STD, and abnormal vaginal bleeding. This method is used frequently with religions that prohibit the use of chemicals or devices. Some people like to do natural birth control methods. Women in Lima used another method during the fertile days on more occasions than other women; women in Totonicapan and Tuba rarely reported using another method.(sinai, 2006) Cultural practices will also have an impact in the outcome and method. Breastfeeding method is free of cost. In planned parenthood they said tha t only one our one-hundred women will become pregnant when using method correctly. Participant has to be actively breastfeeding. A primary care provider is not needed. It does limit itself for aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Method Of Birth Control Essay946 Words   |  4 Pagesbest method of birth control (or contraception)? Is one better or more preferred than another? Are there any side effects that I should be concerned about? These are just a few of the many questions to ask when discussing various types of birth control methods with your doctor. There are many methods of birth control, beginning with abstinence which means having no sexual contact at all, which is 100% effective. The various methods differ greatly and have various rates of effectiveness. Some methodsRead MoreGlobal Overpopulation And Its Effects On The Population1260 Words   |  6 Pagespregnancy rates. 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With changes in HCV therapy and new treatment options, managing HCV infected patients is becoming increasingly complex. These activities will require additional time, staff resources and opportunities during initial screenings to educate patients once they start therapy. Considering these factors, thereRead MoreThe History of Birth Control and Society Essay1997 Words   |  8 PagesThe History of Birth Control and Society People have been desperate to control how many children they have and abstinence is not really an option adults want to choose. Some ancient forms of birth control include: animal skins and intestines for condoms, lemons as barriers to protect from pregnancy, poisonous cocktails to cause abortion, and animal dung cocktails as spermicides. When those measures failed, women turned to abortions. 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I will be using primary prevention in plan creation for prevention of bullying in the youth population in the Tijeras, NM school district. The activities and objectives will be discussed and a plan to evaluate this projects and its effectiveness will be explored. I will explain the steps I would take to evaluate how well a health agency is meeting the needs of the population it serves. The summary of my findings will be presented in a summary report format. A case study in chapter 15 regarding

The One Thing to Do for Diversity Statement Essay Samples Psycholgoy Graduate Application

The One Thing to Do for Diversity Statement Essay Samples Psycholgoy Graduate Application An excellent engineering admissions consultant is able to help you tell your story effectively and meet the term limit requirements. All you should appreciate our qualified personal statement help is to earn an order on our site. These ideas will help provide the institution with the essential info to. Of course you want to have an application essay to shine and, as a consequence, take your application to a different level. Typically these requirements are work experience based allowing those applicants which have been within employment and might not have the capability to free up time to finish the GRE to still apply. As soon as your order is completed, you will get an email notification. Therefore, if you're applying to multiple universities, you want to take into account all these factors, and customize your statement accordingly. Here's What I Know About Diversity Statement Essay Samples Psycholgoy Graduate Application Along with the dissertation, there's coursework in a doctorate application that will teach the concentration specifically. In the majority of cases, the personal statement can function as the defining factor that enables students to stick out in a pool of applicants with equally large GPAs and test scores. Highlight your accomplishments but don't sound arr ogant. All our team members are qualified to present academic aid to applicants. As you don't need the very best candidate for your project, you wish to discover the perfect candidate. Don't just write something because it's only you think it will impress the admission committee. If you would like to get the admissions committee to remember your essay at the close of the day. The writing of a disclaimer can be a tough job for a person who has never written one before, therefore I will supply you with a concise guide that you could use and follow. Before beginning, remember an excellent understanding of suitable spelling, punctuation and grammar may be real boost to both your business writing and the true success of your business enterprise. First things first, You will want to choose what sort of information to put in your disclaimer. Finding out how to compose a disclaimer is something which many folks need to learn. Diversity Statement Essay Samples Psycholgoy Graduate Applicati on and Diversity Statement Essay Samples Psycholgoy Graduate Application - The Perfect Combination If you opt to disclose your identity in a diversity statement, you should know about some difficulties. Providing personal stories of the way the instructor was affected by the absence of diversity in their area. Every one of the employees are liable for payment of insurance premiums. Every one of the employees are liable for payment of insurance. The most crucial step in your entire PhD application is planning. You can and ought to take time to deal with the larger picture. A grad school interview thank you letter is an excellent means to convey your appreciation for an individual's willingness to devote time letting you accomplish a personal or professional objective. It is possible to keep an eye on your order's progress via live chat just to make sure you get the greatest outcomes. It's significant to talk about your weaknesses also. Cross-sectional strategy is the alte rnate method to longitudinal method. Actually, what you would like is to produce an application that gives them no other option except to accept you. Accentuate any character traits which you feel you've built via the adversity and use examples of skills that you currently possess due to these trials. Remember your statement is going to be reviewed as a member of your general application. A disclaimer is basically only a declaration, and that means you might just need to declare some or all the next. For instance, you might also should compose a personal statement. A legal statement is something which you may have to speak to a lawyer about. Diversity Statement Essay Samples Psycholgoy Graduate Application Help! As one may note, a very good essay can let you accomplish your dreams, and the lousy paper can force you to fail. Personal statements can vary from a few paragraphs to many one-page essays that address various topics. When you know the key topics that you need to r eveal in your paper, you should discover how to organize it. It's highly possible that you're going to be asked to compose an expert statement or essay along with. If any sentence in your essay might have been written by somebody else the phrase ought to be omitted. It must include an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Editing your essay is among these.

Eras of Policing Free Essays

There are three specific periods of policing that the 19th and 20th centuries embraced: political era, reform era, and community era. During the political era (1840s-1930s) the functions of law enforcement were controlled by the local politicians. This era was characterized by five points–authority was coming only from politicians and the law, it was a very broad social service function, the organizational design was decentralized, law enforcement had a very intimate relationship with the community, and there was an increased usage of foot patrol. We will write a custom essay sample on Eras of Policing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Authority from politicians posed a problem during this time. Since most of the power was given to politicians the selection of good law enforcement was not a priority. During this era law enforcement wore no type of uniform which made it difficult for citizens to recognize an officer when one was needed. The reform era (1930s-1980s) was the second era in law enforcement. The characteristics of this era recognized the authority coming from the law and professionalism.Crime control became the primary function which made for a more centralized, efficient organization. It also provided the community with a more professional agency that used preventive patrol measures and a more rapid response to crime. During this time a managed hierarchical pyramid of control was established for police officers. When specific problems rose law enforcement created special units to take care of these issues instead of using patrol officers. The third era of law enforcement is the community era (1980s-present). This era is characterized by the authority coming from the support of the community, law, and professionalism. A broad range of services provided a better hold on crime control in the community. Having a decentralized organization gave more authority to patrol officers and let them become more intimate with their community relationships. This era also increased the use of foot patrols and an increased knowledge of problem-solving. Law enforcement became more concerned over citizen satisfaction. How to cite Eras of Policing, Papers

My American Dream free essay sample

The clerk of the neighborhood grocery store stood in disbelief as I unloaded Cheerios, milk, and Twizzlers from my cart. â€Å"Where is your mother? Is she paying?† he asked, stooping to my level. â€Å"Nope, I am,† I replied nonchalantly, revealing two missing front teeth as I handed him the money on my tiptoes. I was seven. Childhood – this one word causes our minds to flood with nostalgia –?birthday parties, playing in the sprinkler, and falling asleep to our father reading us a story. My childhood was no American dream, but the sacrifices I made for my mother shaped me into a strong, independent woman. When I hear the term â€Å"childhood,† I remember the days I ventured alone to the grocery store as my mother sat in a pool of papers, my little sister on her lap and a textbook in her hand. The days I held the chair for my older sister as she blended fruit for my little sister. We will write a custom essay sample on My American Dream or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The times Id comfort my little sister when Mommy wasnt home. And of course, the day my mothers radiant smile lit up the auditorium as she accepted her diploma at age 42. Above my bed, a poster hangs bearing the quote, â€Å"Dont give up on your dreams or your dreams will give up on you.† I can remember my fathers infuriated response when he heard the startling news. â€Å"You cant do this now! Whos going to take care of the kids?† he shouted angrily. I was born to immigrant parents who, like many, moved to America in hopes of new opportunities. Unfortunately, my mothers dream of a job in the medical field was put on hold when she had my older sister. However, she was determined to fulfill her goals. I was seven when my mother enrolled at Lehman College. â€Å"I really dont know what Im going to do in college without my mother,† my best friend said, as she watched me make my famous Oreo Chocolate Chip Brownies. â€Å"She does everything – packing my bags, my laundry, even treating my mosquito bites.† While most of my friends still depend on their parents, I learned early on to care for myself in order to lessen their burden. When Im not at school, I work part-time at a French pastry shop, cook dinner for my sisters, and even make phone calls regarding our bills. All alone, I courageously watched myself get stitched up in a third-world emergency room, and traveled thousands of miles home by myself after a trip to Morocco. I can proudly say that these experiences have prepared me for my future as an independent person. Now I am 17 years old, and my mother works at the NYU Langone Medical Center. She taught me to never put my life on hold for anything. My upbringing is a story that is essential to who I am today. Like my mother, I have a dream to go to college.

Paricutin(Volcano) essays

Paricutin(Volcano) essays Paricutin, also known as the wonder of the cornfield, is the most recent volcano to form in the Western Hemisphere. Paricutin is a part of the Mexican volcanic belt, which extends 1,200 km from west to east, from the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean Sea. The volcanic activity here is related to the Middle American Trench, a subduction zone near Mexicos Pacific coast. Paricutin stands near the city of Uruapan in southwestern Mexico, about two hundred miles west of Mexico City. It received its name from the village of Paricutin. This volcano is rare because scientists were able to watch the birth, growth, and the death of it. Geologists from many parts of the world came to study this vast volcanic event and from then on it was under constant observation. Also along with scientists, many people from all around the world came to observe it. The knowledge gained by these scientists greatly expanded our understanding of volcanism and of cone formation. Three weeks before the eruption, the people near Paricutin village heard the rumbling noises that resembled thunder, but they were confused because the skies were clear and there were no clouds. These noises were associated with earthquakes at depth near Paricutin. The Paricutin volcano is a type of volcano called a cinder cone. The common order of events for a cinder cone volcano is eruption, formation of the cone and crater, and then a lava flow. The eruption that created Paricutin began in a cornfield on February 20, 1943 and continued through 1952 from a crack in the earth. A farmer, Dionisio Pulido, and his wife witnessed this happen. They said they saw the earth crack before-them and smoke rise that smelled like a rotten egg. Most of the explosive activity was during the first year of the eruption when the cone grew to 1,100 feet and lava rose to about fifty feet above the crater's rim. The cone continued to grow for another eight years. M...

What Its Like Being a Chemist

What It's Like Being a Chemist Have you ever wondered what its like being a chemist? Here, real chemists share their job experience, including the pros and cons of working in chemistry. I asked chemists to address the following questions  about the career so that someone thinking about becoming a chemist could make an informed decision. What type of chemist are you?What do you do as a chemist?What is the best/worst part of your job?What training did you need? Was it easy/difficult to find a job as a chemist?Are you happy being a chemist? Why?What advice would you give someone interested in chemist? Keep in mind, some respondents come from non-English-speaking countries. The poll was taken in 2014. Here are their answers: thinking about change major I am coming from top 5 Chinese university and I did internship at senior year. I am a synthesis intern. From what I learned, there are a lot of jobs in the market, many new pharm companies. But the problem is the payment is very low (3k RMB in Nanjing. too low to survive in the city, but the company is in the poor area of the city, living standards are low) and the working condition is really bad, and working hours are long. One group member left the company because of health reasons, the doc warned him. I applied to US school then. It is nice to study aboard with stipend, but it is not enough to live in the city. It seems like chem job in US is impossible, and I certainly dont wanna go back china to work in chem job. So I am thinking about changing majors to biostatistics, CS or business. really struggling now. - chineseStudent 2014 and the job market is still bad. So many of the chemistry jobs are low paid contract positions with no job security. Most chemistry majors are not working in a lab or even in science. They are managers, sales people, regulatory, etc. In many companies at some point you are deemed too old to be working in a lab and no one will hire you, and the branding of too old is now about 35 years old. Sometimes even younger. Or you have low paid new grads as lab techs to do all the actual lab work while you sit in meetings all day and work 60 hour weeks. And businesses are all about profit and market share, not actual RD or science. Its sad sad sad.... - Unemployed/Underemployed Found a Job I have graduated from a university with a Bsc in Chemistry in 2013. After four months, I was able to find a job although not a good pay but I still want to continue with chemistry related job because am working as a Petroleum Officer. I am looking forward to develop my career in chemistry as I aspire to be a Chemical Engineer. - Sulayman Camara Life ruined I studied hard for 8 years straight only to find that there are absolutely no jobs anywhere. Ive been applying for jobs as a chemist for the last 3 years and havent found anything, Im still in debt from school loans and wonder why I ever went into this field. I now work 2 jobs, one at burger king and another shoveling dog sh** at a kennel. I cry myself to sleep most nights. - My life is over Poor choice of career My suggestion to anyone want to get into this field is STAY AWAY from chemistry. I graduated with a MS in chemistry back in 2007 and worked in several chem and pharma companies. I can tell you that 90% of people I worked with, including me regretted going into this field and I have yet met a person likes working with chemicals. Chemistry is over-saturated and underpaid. As an analytical chemist you will get around 30k to 45k. if you have a PhD and dont mind risk you life to work with explosive chemical reactions then you can get 45K to 70K. The reality is that there are just too many candidates available in the job market and many of them are PhD. There are no job security in this field. Many big company already moved their RD and manufacturing facility to Asia and they rarely offer perm position to technical positions. Ive seen too many people ordered to leave the company without a minute notice because they are on contract. - Peter L Tough but worked out so far I recently received my Ph.D. in organic chemistry (top 35 school). I had to work very hard for a long time including a 1 year industrial post doc. Now I work at the same company as a process chemist synthesizing active pharmaceutical ingredients. The pay is 80,000 and I love my job. It was very hard to find a job after my Ph.D. and I sent resumes all over the country. I love my job now and have even received calls from recruiters for other job opportunities. I think the job market is competitive and the supply is greater than the demand at the BS/MS level. I had a low paying temp job with my BS in chemistry before I decided to go to grad school. I think if your going to work as a chemist get your Ph.D. The work is more interesting and the pay is better. Also there are so many BS/MS chemists one of the best ways to beat the competition is to get your PhD. BS/MS chemists use to have more opportunity for advancement but now the job market seems saturated with them. - Organic chemist Graduate in 2004 I love chemistry. Its really fun and challenging, but only in terms of theories...working in lab sucks! long hours sometimes until midnight depends on experiment...underpaid...but thats not the main concern...I realize my health deteriorate significantly...lab work makes me dizzy. - K No jobs As a synthetic organic chemist with a PhD, 4 patents and a bunch of papers, 15 years of research, I am now a self-employed cleaner in Melbourne, Australia. If I had completed pharmacy, instead of doing my PhD, and wasting my time in medicinal chemistry I would be having a job now with at least some chemistry. - Ada Just got laid off, again! I got a job working in a chemistry lab, entry level Research Associate, early this year. Just got a pink slip and was told my last day is May 28th. I graduated in 2008 and I have gone through a series of odd jobs, low paying gigs, just to get by. Chemistry is the worst degree you can get, so much time and effort spent in class for nothing. If I knew I was gonna be jobless pursuing science, I would have taken a lighter route and studied business instead. All these undergraduate students running around blogging about the marvelous potential of chemistry career, parroting corporate propaganda is very annoying. I hope younger chemists can learn from older chemists mistakes and take a different approach to choosing careers. - Jobless Chemist If you havent finished, you dont know. Anyone who is still an undergrad is not qualified to speak on the state of the industry. You dont know what its like, so stop acting like you do. We all liked chemistry in our undergrad years, but the reality of chemistry very different. You all think its fun and challenging when your experiments arent working because youre learning. If someone is paying for your research and youre under pressure to perform, its not fun to fail. You spend most of your time writing grants, reading papers and getting walked over. When youre not doing that, youre dealing with idealistic students telling you Chemistry is for smart intelligent people there are no limits to what you can do! Education, skill, and ambition. Use it. You dont know, so shut up. I cant wait until you get into the real world and are back head posting the same stuff as everyone else. - Be quiet students chemistry is leaving the states I graduated with a BS in chemistry with a 3.89 gpa in 2010. I struggled to find a job. Everyone said I didnt have enough experience. I only had one interview and I got lucky they offered it to me as I was leaving the interview. I made 51K last year. My company just bought a lab overseas in India. They are opening a lab that does the exact same thing that we do but the cost will be a 1/3 of ours. I applied to a MBA program in the fall. Even though I love science and chemistry I just dont think there is a future in the USA for it. - wvchemist Its not a place for a career I am a recent graduate with an undergraduate degree in chemistry. Unlike most I was fortunate that during my summers I worked in a commercial analytical laboratory. It was miserable, no one seemed to enjoy themselves and many were looking for other avenues of employment. I personally struggled with it myself. It had approximately 20 employees 10 of whom Im still great friends with of those ten five remained and five returned to school for something unrelated or medical professions. I myself saw the job prospects early and balked, after discussing with my family I decided to go back and do my MBA I start in about a month and a half and my job prospects look infinitesimally larger, Ive already had a family friend offer me a well paid position upon graduation. To all those suggesting its easy to find a job its not. Chemistry is merely a stepping stone and Id never advocate doing a Chemistry degree and stopping there. Many of my friends who are also graduating are following my route. - Donewithchem Still cant find a job I am a fairly recent graduate (2010) with a BSc in Chemistry. I cannot get a job in Chemistry to save my life, despite having been trying continually for the last two years. I do have a job as a Radiological Controls Technician at a Naval shipyard, which pays decently and is a stable job, but I would much rather be working as a chemist. I love science and dont care about money, and chemistry is a great field. It breaks my heart to read all these posts from people working as lab techs whining about low pay and poor job security. I would do anything to be in their shoes! Anyways, I guess what I am trying to say advice-wise is this: dont go into chemistry if youre out to make money, because there isnt any to be made. - Aspiring Chemist Working as a Research Chemist I finished a PhD recently, and am now in a post-doctoral position. Furthermore, I am in Australia, and I notice that in this place we tend to get paid substantially more as Postdocs than in many other countries, such as the US. I have thoroughly enjoyed the whole research process, and the process of putting together journal articles for publication. I can understand that for those in industrial settings, the job market can be particularly volatile. The situation in academia is not much better if you are not able to come up with novel research and dedicate the time necessary to put out high-impact articles. However, personally, I enjoy the intellectual stimulation and I will try to do as much as I can for as long as I can. - OxathiazoleChemist MD BS BIOCHEMISTRY 1968, NO JOB OFFERS SO WENT TO GRAD SCHOOL, THEN NO JOB SO WENT TO MED SCHOOL...MANY PHYSICIANS WERE CHEMISTS, OR BIOCHEMISTS , NO JOBS SO MEDICINE IS A GOOD ENDPOINT FOR A CHEMIST....TRY TO ALSO GET PRE MED COURSES DONE AS PREREQUIRED. MY DAD WAS ALSO A CHEMIST BS BERKELEY, ENDED UP WORKING FOR THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA IN WATER POLLUTION REGULATION... SO CHEMISTRY IS JUST THE FIRST STEP, YOUR FINAL CAREER IS SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT, BUT THE CHEMISTRY BACKGROUND PERMITS YOUR ABILITY TO ENTER ANOTHER FIELD. BEST OF LUCK, ROBIN TRUMBULL,MD - DRTRUMBULL Other Options I have a BSc honours in physical chemistry. After struggling to get a job in the field, I eventually found a job writing and developing high school science resources. I am loving my job and get paid well. Yes, the job market sucks and it is a harsh environment but if you love it, stick with it. So my advice would be to consider other things that use your knowledge. And I would strongly urge all prospective chemists to learn about technology and learn to program or major in both computer science and chemistry. That really widens your field of possible jobs. Chemistry is not dead, we just need to get with the program and adapt to the brave new world of technology. There is so much more we can still do with this incredible and fascinating field but we need to accept that technology is part of it now. - Heather Forget about It! Just another voice to add to the choir from a mid-career PhD. If you are interested in chemistry and it is your passion, by all means pursue it as a hobby. But dont expect to make a career out of it, gain respect, and/or provide adequately and steadily for a family. - Forget about it! chemistry sucks I have a Bsc in Chemistry and still can not find a decent job, if I had known better I would never have majored in chemistry. - annoyed chemist Senior Chemist Quality and Quality assurance chemist last 20 years. I am working in petrochemical companies as a technical consult as well as QC QA and R D departments in sophisticated laboratory. - Mohammed Iqbal Job Market is Terrible I graduated last year with a BS in Chemistry with a 3.8 GPA, and so far for a year straight Ive been looking for a decent paying job that pays more than my current job. So far its a no go....beginning to get frustrated, and may just go back and get my PhD in Chemical Engineering. With student loan companies wanting their money, and no jobs to be found, thats about my only choice. - Aphyd Dont bother at all. Chemistry is dead I am a chemist, I have a B.S. and an M.S. with thesis from one of the top schools in this country (consistently ranked #1 for its masters program). I have worked at a multinational and I can tell you that chemistry is dead. If you are in school, study engineering or computer science. Do not waste your time. People do not appreciate chemistry. The value is on engineering or computer programming. The era of materials and chemistry-driven research on a scale to support newly graduates or mid-career individuals is over. I have been laid off two to three times and thats with awards, patents, publications, etc. from these companies. The bottom line is that its all about applied science (engineering) or computers (programming). I have over 5 years of experience and I would tell you not do it. Its wasteful. - wish I knew better Not a good career at all. Well as of 2012 I can say that I have actually been offered jobs, however they paid around 35-40k a year. On the other hand my part-time job that I had as an undergraduate is paying me now as full time 50-65k at a manufacturing plant (last year I made 50k and only worked 9 months). I have been looking for a job that will pay 50k and have steady day hours, so far its a fail. I dont know if I will ever find such job. When I talk to my undergraduate friends who are working in chem it is clear that I am doing much better than they are. Dont go into chemistry, from what I hear grad school is a waste of time for most people too. - 2010 Graduate working as a chemist Hi, Chemistry is a very interesting subject to study. All branches of Chemistry are more or less related to one another, so the more you know, the better you understand. As for jobs, it all depends on what one likes best. Personally, I was lucky to work in the marketing of Chemicals to industry. Here the sky is the limit because Chemicals find use in so many industries. See how many Chemicals are used in the paint industry as an example. Blending scientific background with modern management practices is a formula for success. - a.haddad Student vs Working Perspective Ill remind the student that there is a big difference between sitting in a classroom, being amazed by the possibilities of chemistry and actually attempting to make a living from it. The negativity comes from those who ARE in the field APPLYING chemistry. Notice the title of this thread Working as a Chemist? We all loved our undergrad years, but the simple fact is that the industrial chemistry profession in the U.S. actually decreased by 2% according to the ACS. When you get a job, work for years, survive waves of layoffs and the get told youre overqualified for much of anything out there, come back to the thread and let us know how you coped with it all. Most of us were as optimistic about this profession as any undergrad. Then we graduated into reality. - WorkingChemist Chemistry I graduated with my BS chemistry in 2007 started out as production chemist around $50,000. I chose to go back and get my MS Chemistry while working (employer payed most of it) and in 2011 I graduated and took a new job as a process chemist at $85,000. I love my job, it is fast paced and steady. I have seen very little turn around in chemists, but lab techs come and go pretty quick. Overall I would definitely recommend it as a profession. Only big downside is there are not many women chemists on the industrial side, and at any plant/ refinery safety is always a slight compromise. - MS Chemist very happy to say i am a chemist Really i am very happy to say I am a chemist, i have faced so many problems to stand as a chemist in a field of chemical. I think that chemistry is evergreen. - swathi Chemistry was a waste of money for me I wanted to post here just so that people can read, understand, and hopefully not make the same mistakes I did. I graduated with a BS degree in 2005 and even STILL am battling constant layoffs and unemployment. Its really a horrible economy out there for us Chemists. I decided against Graduate school because I just didnt have the passion for it. I worked low paying job after job and gained a lot of industry experience. At the beginning I thought that I would just work my way up, but after about 7 years Im unemployed yet again after being laid off. At every job Im always thought of highly, wow youre the best temp weve ever had It doesnt matter I still get laid off and not hired. Whatever you do do not major in chemistry, and if you are considering graduate school unless you can get into one of the best, say f*** it. I repeat its a sh*tty career and job. - ChemDude contractor Would you please add another loser chemist here? With PhD in polymer chemistry as well as 2 years of postdoc. What I can do is short contract as a technician. BTW, I have no way to renew my membership of chemistry. - yoho chemistry and good jobs? It was a great punishment that God gave to me_BSc Chemistry. chemistry! chemistry!! - oli Has worked out for me I have a BS in chemistry and started my first job as a process chemist in 2005 making $42,000/yr. From 2007-2010 I did QC work for the same company. I took a job with a different company in 2011 and have been doing primarily ingredient preparation. For me, this consists of formulation, production of different blends, syntheses, and some minor mechanical maintenance. Counting bonuses, I grossed over $70,000 in 2011. I have worked under PhD chemists who make 6 figures a year. My short term objective at this point is to obtain my MS in chemistry. I have applied for Fall 2012 semester and will find out my acceptance status in May 2012. Obviously, due to the job market, employment will be tight but that is true for most job types. Some people will find success and others will not. This should go without saying. - Chemist81 Dead end career I have 15 years of synthetic chemistry experience, including process development and medicinal chemistry, I am published and have numerous patents. Our chemistry department was cut and outsourced. I now work as an analytical chemist, treated like a slave for 2/3 of what I used to make, in a job that is not intellectually stimulating in any way. I was lucky to get a job of any sort, synthetic jobs are impossible to find unless you want to move to India or China. My former coworkers have struggled to get interviews and are still unemployed. I agree with the poster that stated chemistry is dead in the USA. - formersyntheticchemist Chemistry is powerless Chemists are indeed smart but businesses treat them like very smart fools. The person just saying chemists can get a job anywhere clearly has no idea how the job market works. The only way a chemist can switch careers is to go back to school which is financially difficult or hide their degree and take a blue collar job. I took the police exam because at this point that would be a huge improvement. Many chemists like myself are trapped and unable to escape the never ending abuse and exploitation by companies who treat them worse than unskilled labor. - MSChemist *There was not space here for all the responses submitted by chemists, but I have posted additional replies on my personal blog, so you may read them all  and post your own opinion.

Modernism to Postmodernism in Fashion and Design Essay

Modernism to Postmodernism in Fashion and Design - Essay Example The essay "Modernism to Postmodernism in Fashion and Design" states modernism, postmodernism and its relation to fashion and design. In the 1930s, a great deal of the art being produced throughout Western Europe was typically classified as Modern art, although it was then further divided into several different subcategories such as Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Surrealism and Abstract art. The characteristic feature of most of these art forms was that they sought to pursue the ideas behind the art rather than seeking to portray a life-like rendition of the subject matter. They also broke the rules of art, which had, until this time period, conformed to specific rules of creation and was always created within a studio where all elements could be controlled. The movement began with Impressionism, which focused on the effect of light on objects and typically portrayed scenes such as landscapes and daily life. Recognizable works from this genre include tho se of Claude Monet, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas and Pierre Auguste Renoir. Manet’s painting, Dejeuner sur l'herbe, created in 1863, is roughly considered to be the start of the Impressionist, and therefore the Modern, movement. Fauvism represented a wilder side of Impressionism in its use of strong, vivid colors and simplified designs in expressive, meaningful ways. Artists in this movement were Henri Matisse, Andre Derain and Maurice de Vlaminch. The Expressionist movement, existing as the step-sister to Fauvism.

Question 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Question 3 - Assignment Example The aim of this research is to review and critically evaluate secondary sources for insights into discrimination in organizational hiring practices. The following objectives will mark the scope of this study: This study will evaluate important elements and features of conducting literature reviews. To this end, the paper will examine some important secondary sources and how they work together with other aspects of research in order to define a core and a key concept. The process will involve amongst other things, the critique of literature and how these forms of literature work together to help in understanding theories and making inputs into various ideas and concepts. The analysis of the literature review will involve the critical assessment and evaluation of core concepts from recent scholarly articles. This will include peer-reviewed articles that were published over the past five years. This will involve the assessment of insights on discrimination in the workplace and how efforts have been made to deal with it. From thence, the study will propound a theory on how to develop human resource management theories and strategies for reducing discrimination in organizations. A literature review is a systematic review of scholarly sources and similar materials in order to identify important concepts and theories that are integrated into a given study (Rocco & Hatcher, 2011). A literature review is concerned with the analysis of critical points of current knowledge and substantive findings in order to draw a theoretical and methodological structure for the conduct of a given research or study (Collins, Onwuegbuzie, & Jiao, 2010). This therefore gives the framework for explaining and drawing the parameters of a given research. Concerning this study, there is the need to draw the context and framework for concepts like organizational hiring practices, discrimination practices and other elements and aspects of constructively dealing with the situation and

Evaluation Of Fountas And Pinnell Benchmark

Evaluation Of Fountas And Pinnell Benchmark The Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System, created by Irene Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell, is designed to place students appropriately into a guided reading program, show the gains in student achievement, progress monitoring and identify students in need of intervention (those who are not meeting the districts proficiency levels). In short, it relates reading ability. The sub-contents addressed include: Word Analysis Skills, Reading Strategies, Comprehending Reading Materials, Literary Elements and Techniques and Literary Works. The test consists primarily of running records, in which the teacher records oral fluency, reading errors and self-correction ratios. In addition, it is followed by a retelling and comprehension conversation between the student and teacher. Finally a writing prompt (optional) is given to the student. In the setting where I am directly working with the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark, we are requiring all students to complete the writing prompt. I have addressed the reason for the issue below in the evaluation portion. The test is administered in kindergarten through eighth grade at the end of each quarter. The assessment usually takes twenty to thirty minutes. This could take longer if more than one assessment is needed to find the appropriate benchmark level. Specific features of the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System allows you to determine your students independent and instructional reading levels, group students for reading instruction, select texts that will be produc tive for a students instruction, assess the outcomes of teaching, assess a new students reading level for independent reading and instruction, identify students who need intervention and extra help, document student progress across a school year and across grade levels, create class profiles and inform parents. (Heinemann, 2011) In addition to an accuracy percentage, reading rate, self-correction rate and fluency score, the assessment has a Comprehension Conversation that completes the assessment procedures. Students are required to read a text and to have this comprehension conversation, with specific prompts to obtain key understandings for three kinds of thinking- Thinking Within the Text (getting the literal meaning by processing words and stated ideas), Thinking Beyond the Text (getting the implied meaning and synthesizing information) and Thinking About the Text (responding to the authors craft). (Placeholder1) The content that is covered in the benchmark includes reading accuracy, reading comprehension, reading fluency and self-correction ratio. This is similar to the informal assessments being given to students through- out a literacy block in a reading workshop approach. This assessment can be used both formatively and summatively. It is a standardized, teacher-administered, one-on-one assessment; it is hand-scored by the teacher. The assessment should be administered by classroom teacher after they have been trained to administer the test. A video is provided to view for staff development or individual teacher viewing. This can help to ensure that the assessment is delivered in a standardized way. The BAS (Benchmark Assessment System) is based on research in language development, vocabulary expansion, reading acquisition, and reading difficulties. Five areas addressed by the National Reading Panel as fundamental to student success in literacy acquisition are assessed in the BAS. These are: phonological awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension. The assessment also addresses student motivation and interest in overall reading. According to the official field study document of the assessment: The field data were collected systematically and analyzed on an ongoing basis to determine the programs achievement of its objectives. Reports were developed and used as a basis for determining the soundness, complexities, and utility of the program. Due to the process incorporating ongoing feedback gathered by field-test examiners, the program authors and developers were able to make informed decisions regarding adjustments and refinements. At the conclusion of the field study, an independent data-analysis team was brought in to evaluate the programs reliability and validity. This formative research was conducted in two phases. Phase I of the study addressed research questions 1 and 2; Phase II addressed research question 3. Prior to the formative evaluation, an editorial process was used to establish the text leveling. Field testing included a total of 497 students spanning grades K-8. Field testing of System 1 included 252 students and System 2 included 245 students. School sites from which these students were drawn were socioeconomically, ethnically, and geographically diverse. The research goal was to identify typical students. Accordingly, students were selected on the basis of their ability to read and understand texts that were written approximately at grade level or above. Participants were also proficient speakers of English. Each field test examiner determined an individual students eligibility after discussing his or her reading profile with their respective teachers. Thirteen field-test examiners were selected. All field-test examiners were educators who had extensive training in administering running records and in using other forms of benchmark assessments to assess students reading levels. Field-test examiners were not affiliated with the field sites and therefore could be objective in both identifying students and in administering assessments. Prior to the beginning of the field testing, a two-day intensive training session led by the authors, guided the field-test examiners in the formative evaluations protocols and procedures. A total of 22 different schools participated in field testing of either System 1 or System 2 (some schools participated in both field tests). Field testing took place across the following geographic regions of the United States: Boston Metropolitan area 1 examiner; 1 school / Providence, Rhode Island 1 examiner; 2 schools / Houston Metropolitan area 2 examiners; 5 schools / Los Angeles area 4 examiners; 6 schools / Columbus, OH, area 3 examiners; 5 schools / Orlando, FL, area 2 examiners; 3 schools. (Field Study of Reliability and Validity of the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment Systems 1 and 2). (Fountas and Pinnell, 2011, pp. 2-3) Assessment Appearance and Content The assessment includes two options of books for each level- System 1 (Grades K-2, Levels A-N) contains 28 Books (14 Fiction and 14 Nonfiction) and System 2 (Grades 3-8, Levels L-Z) contains 30 Books (15 Fiction and 15 Nonfiction). The Fountas and Pinnell levels gradient is a defined continuum of characteristics related to the level of support and challenges that a reader meets in a text. At each level (A to Z) texts are analyzed using ten characteristics: (1) genre/form; (2) text structure; (3) content; (4) themes and ideas; (5) language and literary features; (6) sentence complexity; (7) vocabulary; (8) word difficulty; (9) illustrations/graphics; and (10) book and print features. Texts are leveled using a highly reliable process in which teams of trained teachers, working independently and then through consensus, assign a level to books after analyzing them according to the ten factors. They are then analyzed by Fountas and Pinnell. The benchmark books were actually created to pre cisely match the gradient, and they were independently analyzed using the same process. (Heinemann, 2011) The Assessment Guide to the BAS describes the administration of the assessment as follows: The students appropriate reading level for the assessment to be administered is based in the students current guided reading level, or can be determined by a Where to Start word list that was developed by the authors to assist examiners in quickly placing a student at his or her appropriate reading level. Next, the administer is to assess the students ability to read and comprehend three levels of books. They are to determine one book that is easy the students independent reading level; one book that offered just enough difficult vocabulary and/or concepts to make the reading interesting and challenging , the students instructional reading level; and a third book that was too challenging the students hard reading level. Accuracy of reading guidelines, consistent with Fountas and Pinnells framework (2006b), is as follows: independent level (95-100 percent accuracy); instructional level (90-94 percent accuracy), and hard level (below 90 percent accuracy). (Fountas Pinnell, pp. 180- 181) The assessment should be given in the classroom or other familiar setting. A reasonably quiet and comfortable environment is necessary so that distractions do not interfere with the assessment. All materials should be ready to go accessible to the teacher, so that the assessment may run smoothly with few distractions. If the student seems to be getting frustrated after reading one or two texts, it may be necessary to stop the assessment and begin at a later time. Each of the areas assessed relates to the content and sub-content (in various levels) taught to kindergarten through eighth grade students during their literacy block. The BAS lets the administrator think about, assess and identify a variety of different skills and strategies the reader may have strengths or deficits in. It is designed to measure progress in each of the sub-skills in a way that informs instruction. It is linked to a continuum of observable behaviors to assess and teach for at every level. (Heinemann, 2011) Each teacher in grades kindergarten through eighth grade has a copy of the continuum. The assessment format is similar to the informal assessments (running records and conferring with readers) used in the classroom. These informal assessments are used periodically throughout the quarter. The Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System does require a more in-depth conversation than traditional classroom conferences. The students fluency level is also assessed using the following criteria: Readers phrase or group words, through intonation, stress, and pauses. They emphasize the beginnings and endings of phrases by the rising and falling of pitch or by pausing. Students adhere to the authors syntax or sentence structure, reflecting their comprehension. Readers are expressive; their reading reflects feeling, anticipation, and character development. Once a students instructional reading level is determined, the student is engaged in a comprehension conversation about that particular book. If students are unresponsive or give an incomplete response, educators may prompt them according to a predetermined set of questions. Next, the teacher rates the students understanding of a text using the Fountas and Pinnell comprehension guidelines. The areas are rated on a scale from 0-3: Thinking within the text, thinking beyond the text and thinking about the text. Evaluating the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System A review of the benchmark assessment shows no bias towards individuals or groups based on race, ethnicity, gender or disabilities. Students with disabilities are given the assessment that aligns with their individual progress along the literacy continuum and text gradient for the reader. At times, when the fluency level is timed, an educator may note on the side specific speech issues. All other accommodations as mandated by their IEPs are allowed. The assessment is used to determine reading ability, therefore, students with IEPs requiring that test be read for certain circumstance are not allowed this accommodation for the benchmark. The wording and content of the benchmark assessment is predominately age and grade appropriate. However, for students reading extremely below their age or grade level peers, the text may seem immature for their age. The gradient levels of difficulty of the text chosen for the assessment were carefully thought out and field tested. I feel the content validity of the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System can be improved by adding a more rigorous requirement in the writing about reading area. I do not feel that one prompt adequately show how a student can write about reading. In addition, I feel that as students move into the older grades, that comprehension should be judged more on the students writing about the text than a comprehension conversation. One other area of the assessment could be improved. There are only two books, one fiction and one nonfiction, at each level. This does not give educators much room for error or special education teachers room to reassess at a similar level, identifying strengths in a particular sub-content and not just text level gradient. There is at least one item per target, with some items having more than one item per target. Some of the sub-content areas did not have a target for each taxonomy level, but with further investigation (into the upper grade Benchmark Assessment, possibly) it would most likely cover each taxonomy level. In addition, each item does belong on the assessment and relates to a specific sub-content area/taxonomy level. The Illinois Reading Standards addressed include: 1.A.1b Comprehend unfamiliar words using context clues and prior knowledge; verify meanings with resource materials, 1.B.1c Continuously check and clarify for understanding (e.g., reread, read ahead, use visual and context clues, ask questions, retell, use meaningful substitutions), 1.B.2d Read age-appropriate material aloud with fluency and accuracy, 1.C.2b Make and support inferences and form interpretations about main themes and topics, 1.C.2d Summarize and make generalizations from content and relate to purpose of material, 1.C.2e Explain how authors and illustrators use text and art to express their ideas (e.g., points of view, design hues, metaphor), 1.C.1f Use information presented in simple tables, maps and charts to form an interpretation, 2.A.2b Describe how literary elements (e.g., theme, character, setting, plot, tone, conflict) are used in literature to create meaning and 2.B.1a Respond to literary materials by connecting them to their own experience and communicate those responses to others. Classroom Assessment Blueprint and Learning Targets The classroom assessment blueprint and the list of learning targets appear below. Assessment items and the number of the associated learning target are included in the blueprint. Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Total Targets Word Analysis Skills 1. Identify the meaning of unfamiliar words using prior knowledge 2. Discover the meaning of unfamiliar words using context clues. 22. Monitors own understanding and accuracy. 20. Constructs literal meaning of the text through solving words. 4 Reading Strategies 4. Reads primarily in larger, meaningful phrases or word groups. 23. Predicts information about the text. 5. Demonstrates fluency by reading using mostly smooth, expressive interpretation and pausing guided by authors meaning and punctuation. 3. Assess and clarify for understanding (e.g., reread, read ahead, use visual and context clues, ask questions, retell, and use meaningful substitutions). 4 Comprehend Reading Materials 6. Recall ideas by reference to details in the text. 18. Identify the main ideas and supporting details of a story or fiction passage. 9. Summarize a story or non-fiction passage. 19. Demonstrate excellent understanding of the text through summarizing. (Includes almost all important information and main ideas.) 10. Demonstrate understanding of characters in a story or non-fiction passage (i.e. through retell). 11. Identify connections with prior knowledge or personal experiences. 25. Infers what is implied but not stated in the text. 22. Monitors own understanding and accuracy. ** Two places** 17. Tell the main idea of a non-fiction paragraph. 27. Write a response about the reading (from given prompt). 10 Literary Elements and Techniques 7. Define setting in a story or fiction passage. 8. Recall sequence of events. 12. Summarize the major events in a narrative. 29. Demonstrate an understanding of the craft and structure of a text (literary language, story structure, perspective, etc.). 16. Distinguish elements of the authors craft. 30. Support knowledge and ideas (and act on them) to include ones thinking by writing in response to text 15. Construct chronological sequence of events after reading a story or fiction passage. 7 Literary Works 24. Identify key details when summarizing a story or non-fiction passage. 28. Remember and report key ideas and details from texts, including understanding characters. 13. Point out the authors purpose. 14. Interpret how the authors purpose affects the interpretation of the reading selection. 26. Tells new information by synthesizing and changing own ideas. 5 Learning Targets Students will be able to: 1. Identify the meaning of unfamiliar words using prior knowledge. 2. Discover the meaning of unfamiliar words using context clues. 3. Assess and clarify for understanding (e.g., reread, read ahead, use visual and context clues, ask questions, retell, and use meaningful substitutions). 4. Reads primarily in larger, meaningful phrases or word groups. 5. Demonstrates fluency by reading using mostly smooth, expressive interpretation and pausing guided by authors meaning and punctuation. 6. Recall ideas by reference to details in the text. 7. Define setting in a story or fiction passage. 8. Recall sequence of events. 9. Summarize a story or non-fiction passage. 10. Demonstrate understanding of characters in a story or non-fiction passage (i.e. through retell). 11. Identify connections with prior knowledge or personal experiences. 12. Summarize the major events in a narrative. 13. Point out the authors purpose. 14. Interpret how the authors purpose affects the interpretation of the reading selection. 15. Construct chronological sequence of events after reading a story or fiction passage. 16. Distinguish elements of the authors craft. 17. Tell the main idea of a non-fiction paragraph. 18. Identify the main ideas and supporting details of a story or fiction passage. 19. Demonstrate excellent understanding of the text through summarizing. (Includes almost all important information and main ideas.) 20. Constructs literal meaning of the text through solving words. 22. Monitors own understanding and accuracy. 23. Predicts information about the text. 24. Identify key details when summarizing a story or non-fiction passage. 25. Infers what is implied but not stated in the text. 26. Tells new information by synthesizing and changing own ideas. 27. Write a response about the reading (from given prompt). 28. Remember and report key ideas and details from texts, including understanding characters. 29. Demonstrate an understanding of the craft and structure of a text (literary language, story structure, perspective, etc.). 30. Support knowledge and ideas (and act on them) to include ones thinking by writing in response to text.

American Vinyl Products

Allocate our resources? 3 methods to decide 1. Tradition been used for the longest period of time by all countries traditions used in US allocate our resources to aid the most needed like in hospital emergency room services allocate concrete tickets, first come first serve 40 hours a week Seniority Getting off a sinking boat, women and children first, then the men, then the crew, last is the captain Advantages: 2.Political system or Political method let the government decide such as kings and queens public goods and goods with externalities Advantages: Market system – supply and demand Hasn't been around as long as other two, relatively new Whoever has the money to pay for the product gets it first Most used method Allocated to where the profit is, follows the money most efficient of the 3, others rely on other values like being fair because of most attention to opportunity cost, what am I giving up for what I am doing least wasteful f resources How do you decide?Tradition â⠂¬â€œ promise and obligations Efficiency – money, getting the most for your money Have to do it because someone told u like your boss or parents Opportunity cost: how much you lost because you did something else. Went to Chicago and didn't work so lost work money 9/8/14 – Opportunity cost (Chip 1) Opportunity cost graph – (Production Possibility curve) Wheat Grapes Point A: Availably but not efficient Points should be on curve or inside Our land, from hills to flat.

Corporate Profits Cycle Under The Microscope - 1742 Words

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There are three main drivers behind corporate profits expansion: 1) operational gearing, 2) labour productivity, and 3) interest expenses. Meanwhile, there is also the important issue of pricing power to be considered. The prevalence of low inflation in the US economy is seemingly indicative of limited corporate pricing power. Historically, corporations have raised selling prices to preserve profit margins due to rising cost pressures, notably labour. Growing pricing power is, therefore, synonymous with the economy entering overheating territory. Continued economic growth willShow MoreRelatedInternal and External Factors Influencing Management1538 Words   |  7 Pagesfunctions are: globalization, technology, innovation, diversity, and ethics. Managers need to use delegation to manage all functions and factors to reestablish the credibility the company. Planning is a decision making process that incorporates a cycle in which outcomes are analyzed, evaluated, and revised. 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Police Corruption - 3338 Words

Analysis of Police Corruption Police corruption is a complex phenomenon, which does not readily submit to simple analysis. It is a problem that has and will continue to affect us all, whether we are civilians or law enforcement officers. Since its beginnings, may aspects of policing have changed; however, one aspect that has remained relatively unchanged is the existence of corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication on any given day will have an article about a police officer that got busted committing some kind of corrupt act. Police corruption has increased dramatically with the illegal cocaine trade, with officers acting alone or in-groups to steal money from dealers or distribute†¦show more content†¦They have known of narcotics vilolations and have failed to take proper enforcement action. They have entered into personal associations with narcotics criminals and in some cases have used narcotics. They have given false testimony in court in order to obtain dismissal of the charges against a defendant. (Sherman 1978: p 129) A scandal is perceived both as a socially constructed phenomenon and as an agent of change that can lead to realignments in the structure of power within oraganizations. New york, for instance, has had more than a half dozen major scandals concerning its police department within a century. It was the Knapp Commission in 1972 that first brought attention to the NYPD when they released the results of over 2 years of investigations of alleged corruption. The findings were that bribery, especially among narcotics officers, was extremely high. As a result many officers were prosecuted and many more lost their jobs. A massive re-structuring took place aftewards with strict rules and regulations to make sure that the problem would never happen again. Be that as it may, the problem did arrise once gain... 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